Over the past 30 years, China has developed a vast and complex laboratory system. From an analytical standpoint, at present, laboratories generally fall into one of several categories according to their administrative rankings. They include, in descending order: state-level laboratories[国家级], provincial and ministerial-level laboratories [省部级], municipal-level laboratories [市级], and university/institute level laboratories [校级/所级] (See fig.1)1. Among them, the laboratories at the state level are the nation’s oldest and also the most important platforms of innovation, where the most strategic and cutting-edge research takes place. They are an integral part of the ‘national strategic S&T enterprise’[国家战略科技力量].v These labs are the ‘crown jewels’ of China’s National Innovation Systems which the 14th Five Year Plan has stressed for prioritized development.
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