Emerging, Asymmetric, and Non-State Cyber Threats

What nation-states are currently investing in military cyber capabilities and may emerge over the next 5–10 years as new, advanced threats to the United States and our allies? Beyond these emerging state actors, how might the emergence of hacktivists impact state dynamics in cyberspace during a conflict, and what lessons can be drawn from their activities during the early months of the Ukrainian invasion? Furthermore, what are the current trends, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of foreign terrorist organizations (FTO) in cyber operations, and how do they leverage commercial entities, technology, and social media platforms to enable these operations? Ultimately, how should the Joint Force adapt its cyber defense posture to counter this evolving mix of emerging state and non-state cyber threats?

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