To deter aggression and prevail in armed conflict, the United States relies on partners to both deploy force and facilitate U.S. power projection through access to territory and basing, overflight rights, local logistics, and sustainment support. In addition to these operational imperatives, the U.S. is increasingly looking to partners to contribute to defense industrial readiness and resilience through defense sales, co-production, co-sustainment, and supply chain coordination. Yet there remains a critical gap in understanding how various security cooperation activities in periods before conflict lead to meaningful burden sharing, including operational support to U.S. forces and defense-industrial production surges, during times of intensified competition and armed conflict.