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  From the Editor
  Æther Editor

  Letter from the Aether Editor

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  Offensive Defense: PLA Logic of Preemption in Space
  Jiemin Hou

  Denying a military benefit to China while raising the strategic cost provides a basic guiding principle to deter and hedge against Beijing’s potential decision to preempt in space.

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  The Paradox of Article IX and National Security Space Activities
  Michael J. Listner

  The lack of clear state practice regarding a legal duty and a legal right contained in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty may indicate a more subtle state practice that interprets obligations and rights of Article IX.

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  International Space Collaboration and Security: A NATO Perspective
  John Burton, Domenic Thompson, Alessandro Papa, and Arthur Wong

  NATO’s Overarching Space Policy model for international collaboration represents the singular voice of thirty NATO Allies, and its public release was a significant step toward establishing international norms of space behavior.

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  Devising National Space Policy in Pakistan
  Mohammad Ali Zafar and Ayesha Zafar

  India’s space capabilities raise challenge for Pakistan. Pakistan must recalibrate its space program by devising a national space policy.

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  Holding the High Ground: Operational Considerations for the Earth-Moon System
  Adam P. Wilmer and Robert A. Bettinger

  Space operations can no longer be confined to that found in geosynchronous orbit. A new Earth-Moon System taxonomy can better classify and develop SDA missions, which will also prove useful as space law expands into orbit patentability and orbit property rights.

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  Mitigating Noncooperative RPOs in Geosynchronous Orbit
  Kaitlyn Johnson, Thomas G. Roberts, and Brian Weeden

  RPOs with another nation’s satellite could exacerbate geopolitical tensions or lead to unwanted escalation. The United States needs a new taxonomy for categorizing RPOs and should focus on four specific policy options for dealing with them.

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  In-Space Sustainment: An International, Civilian-Led Logistics Architecture
  Alexander Jehle and Alexander Genzel

  A reliable network of in-space logistics assets is an enabler for the mobility of all spacecraft—not just military spacecraft. An international civil and military partnership could create shared standards, interfaces, and interoperability procedures to achieve strategic modularity.

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  Lawn Dart Network Utilization on the Moon
  Liberty Shockley

  The Lawn Dart program provides critical security for lunar assets, protecting mission data against adversaries and laying the groundwork for NASA and European Space Agency exploration mission success.

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